Execution Chart

We display below the execution chart for this examination (boot time has been removed).

Trace from the execution

Formatting '/data/fkordon/mcc2026-input.r162-smll-177961107600006.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=4294967296 backing_file=/data/fkordon/mcc2026-input.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
Waiting for the VM to be ready (probing ssh)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=====================================================================
Generated by BenchKit 2-5973
Executing tool itstools
Input is HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12, examination is ReachabilityCardinality
Time confinement is 3600 seconds
Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes
Number of cores is 4
Run identifier is r162-smll-177961107600006
=====================================================================

--------------------
preparation of the directory to be used:
/home/mcc/execution
total 1.9M
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 7.6K Mar 7 15:26 CTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 63K Mar 7 15:26 CTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 7.0K Mar 7 15:25 CTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 50K Mar 7 15:25 CTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.2K Mar 3 18:30 GenericPropertiesDefinition.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6.3K Mar 3 18:30 GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.5K Mar 15 10:56 LTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 27K Mar 15 10:56 LTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 3.3K Mar 15 10:57 LTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 21K Mar 15 10:57 LTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 21K Mar 7 15:27 ReachabilityCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 188K Mar 7 15:27 ReachabilityCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 18K Mar 7 15:27 ReachabilityFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 115K Mar 7 15:27 ReachabilityFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 1.9K Mar 15 10:57 UpperBounds.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.0K Mar 15 10:57 UpperBounds.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 Mar 3 18:30 equiv_col
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 10 Mar 3 18:30 instance
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 Mar 3 18:30 iscolored
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mcc users 1.3M Mar 3 18:30 model.pnml

--------------------
content from stdout:

=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)

The expected result is a vector of booleans
BOOL_VECTOR

echo here is the order used to build the result vector(from xml file)
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-00
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-01
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-02
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-03
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-04
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-05
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-06
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-07
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-08
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-09
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-10
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-11
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-12
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-13
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-14
FORMULA_NAME HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-15

=== Now, execution of the tool begins

BK_START 1779660365139

Invoking MCC driver with
BK_TOOL=itstools
BK_EXAMINATION=ReachabilityCardinality
BK_BIN_PATH=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/
BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT=3600
BK_INPUT=HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12
BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT=16384
Not applying reductions.
Model is PT
ReachabilityCardinality PT
Running Version 202604301425
[2026-05-24 22:06:07] [INFO ] Running its-tools with arguments : [-pnfolder, /home/mcc/execution, -examination, ReachabilityCardinality, -its, -ltsmin, -greatspnpath, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/, -order, META, -manyOrder, -smt, -timeout, 3600]
[2026-05-24 22:06:07] [INFO ] Parsing pnml file : /home/mcc/execution/model.pnml
[2026-05-24 22:06:08] [INFO ] Load time of PNML (sax parser for PT used): 489 ms
[2026-05-24 22:06:08] [INFO ] Transformed 1408 places.
[2026-05-24 22:06:08] [INFO ] Transformed 2400 transitions.
[2026-05-24 22:06:08] [INFO ] Parsed PT model containing 1408 places and 2400 transitions and 9600 arcs in 787 ms.
Parsed 16 properties from file /home/mcc/execution/ReachabilityCardinality.xml in 61 ms.
Working with output stream class java.io.PrintStream
[2026-05-24 22:06:10] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 713 ms
[2026-05-24 22:06:10] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 369 ms
[2026-05-24 22:06:11] [INFO ] Time to serialize gal into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality2464983997641083680.gal : 232 ms
[2026-05-24 22:06:11] [INFO ] Time to serialize properties into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality2196224950302626946.prop : 14 ms
Invoking ITS tools like this :cd /home/mcc/execution;'/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202604301425/bin/its-reach-linux64' '--gc-threshold' '2000000' '--quiet' '-i' '/tmp/ReachabilityCardinality2464983997641083680.gal' '-t' 'CGAL' '-reachable-file' '/tmp/ReachabilityCardinality2196224950302626946.prop' '--nowitness' '--gen-order' 'FOLLOW'

its-reach command run as :

/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202604301425/bin/its-reach-linux64 --gc-threshold 2000000 --quiet ...328
Loading property file /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality2196224950302626946.prop.
RANDOM walk for 40000 steps (8 resets) in 13298 ms. (3 steps per ms) remains 12/16 properties
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-13 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-12 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-09 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-05 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1574 ms. (25 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1303 ms. (30 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1206 ms. (33 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1147 ms. (34 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1028 ms. (38 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1355 ms. (29 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 4
SDD size :1 after 6
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 8
SDD size :6 after 34
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 16
SDD size :34 after 363
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 32
SDD size :363 after 903
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 64
SDD size :903 after 30348
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1522 ms. (26 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 128
SDD size :30348 after 5.72324e+06
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1397 ms. (28 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 256
SDD size :5.72324e+06 after 7.76675e+07
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 985 ms. (40 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 512
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1000 ms. (39 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
SDD size :7.76675e+07 after 4.60146e+08
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 993 ms. (40 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 1024
SDD size :4.60146e+08 after 9.70954e+08
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1182 ms. (33 steps per ms) remains 12/12 properties
Running PetriSpot : '/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.petrispot.binaries_1.0.0.202604301425/bin/petri64' '--loadKERS=/tmp/petrispot-input-18400452844480690627.kers' '--Pflows' '--basisKERS=/tmp/petrispot-output-1448304372318293318.kers'
[2026-05-24 22:06:16] [INFO ] Running PetriSpot with arguments : [--loadKERS=/tmp/petrispot-input-18400452844480690627.kers, --Pflows, --basisKERS=/tmp/petrispot-output-1448304372318293318.kers]
Culling duplicate invariants (modulo rational): removing 480 columns.
Culled 480 columns in 4 ms.
// Phase 1: matrix 2400 rows 928 cols 7104 entries
Finished phase 1 with 863 SingleSign rule and 0 generalized
[2026-05-24 22:06:16] [INFO ] Computed 545 invariants in 32 ms
Computed 545 P flows in 34 ms.
Exported basis to /tmp/petrispot-output-1448304372318293318.kers
Total runtime 39 ms.
Excessive predecessor constraint size, skipping predecessor.
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 2048
SDD size :9.70954e+08 after 4.39362e+09
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-06 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-06 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-10 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-10 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
All remaining problems are real, not stopping.
At refinement iteration 0 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/272 variables, 9/9 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 2 solved, 10 unsolved
At refinement iteration 1 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/272 variables, 0/9 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 2 solved, 10 unsolved
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-01 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-01 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-02 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-02 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-03 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-03 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-04 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-04 TRUE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-07 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-07 TRUE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-11 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-11 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-14 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-14 TRUE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-15 is UNSAT
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-15 TRUE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
At refinement iteration 2 (OVERLAPS) 812/1084 variables, 212/221 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 3 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1084 variables, 0/221 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 4 (OVERLAPS) 324/1408 variables, 324/545 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 5 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1408 variables, 0/545 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 6 (OVERLAPS) 2400/3808 variables, 1408/1953 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 7 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/3808 variables, 0/1953 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
SDD proceeding with computation,16 properties remain. new max is 4096
SDD size :4.39362e+09 after 2.32224e+10
At refinement iteration 8 (OVERLAPS) 0/3808 variables, 0/1953 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
No progress, stopping.
After SMT solving in domain Real declared 3808/3808 variables, and 1953 constraints, problems are : Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved in 2924 ms.
Refiners :[Positive P Invariants (semi-flows): 545/545 constraints, State Equation: 1408/1408 constraints, PredecessorRefiner: 12/7 constraints, Known Traps: 0/0 constraints, Known Traps Along Path: 0/0 constraints]
Escalating to Integer solving :Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 0 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/104 variables, 1/1 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 1 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/104 variables, 0/1 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 2 (OVERLAPS) 848/952 variables, 88/89 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 3 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/952 variables, 0/89 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 4 (OVERLAPS) 456/1408 variables, 456/545 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 5 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1408 variables, 0/545 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 6 (OVERLAPS) 2400/3808 variables, 1408/1953 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 7 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/3808 variables, 0/1953 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
At refinement iteration 8 (OVERLAPS) 0/3808 variables, 0/1953 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
No progress, stopping.
After SMT solving in domain Int declared 3808/3808 variables, and 1953 constraints, problems are : Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved in 2907 ms.
Refiners :[Positive P Invariants (semi-flows): 545/545 constraints, State Equation: 1408/1408 constraints, PredecessorRefiner: 2/7 constraints, Known Traps: 0/0 constraints, Known Traps Along Path: 0/0 constraints]
After SMT, in 6181ms problems are : Problem set: 10 solved, 2 unsolved
Finished Parikh walk after 2004 steps, including 0 resets, run visited all 2 properties in 130 ms. (steps per millisecond=15 )
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-08 TRUE TECHNIQUES PARIKH_WALK
FORMULA HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12-ReachabilityCardinality-2024-00 TRUE TECHNIQUES PARIKH_WALK
Finished Parikh walk after 0 steps, including 0 resets, run visited all 0 properties in 1 ms. (steps per millisecond=0 )
Parikh walk visited 2 properties in 142 ms.
ITS runner timed out or was interrupted.
ITS tools runner thread asked to quit. Dying gracefully.
All properties solved without resorting to model-checking.
Total runtime 15411 ms.

BK_STOP 1779660383095

--------------------
content from stderr:

+ export BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//../
+ BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//../
++ pwd
+ export MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ [[ ReachabilityCardinality = StateSpace ]]
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//runeclipse.sh /home/mcc/execution ReachabilityCardinality -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600
+ ulimit -s 65536
+ [[ -z '' ]]
+ export LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
+ LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
++ sed s/.jar//
++ perl -pe 's/.*\.//g'
++ ls /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.application.pnmcc_1.0.0.202604301425.jar
+ VERSION=202604301425
+ echo 'Running Version 202604301425'
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//itstools/its-tools -pnfolder /home/mcc/execution -examination ReachabilityCardinality -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600

Sequence of Actions to be Executed by the VM

This is useful if one wants to reexecute the tool in the VM from the submitted image disk.

set -x
# this is for BenchKit: configuration of major elements for the test
export BK_INPUT="HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12"
export BK_EXAMINATION="ReachabilityCardinality"
export BK_TOOL="itstools"
export BK_RESULT_DIR="/tmp/BK_RESULTS/OUTPUTS"
export BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT="3600"
export BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT="16384"
export BK_BIN_PATH="/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/"

# this is specific to your benchmark or test

export BIN_DIR="$HOME/BenchKit/bin"

# remove the execution directoty if it exists (to avoid increse of .vmdk images)
if [ -d execution ] ; then
rm -rf execution
fi

# this is for BenchKit: explicit launching of the test
echo "====================================================================="
echo " Generated by BenchKit 2-5973"
echo " Executing tool itstools"
echo " Input is HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12, examination is ReachabilityCardinality"
echo " Time confinement is $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT seconds"
echo " Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes"
echo " Number of cores is 4"
echo " Run identifier is r162-smll-177961107600006"
echo "====================================================================="
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "preparation of the directory to be used:"

tar xzf /home/mcc/BenchKit/INPUTS/HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12.tgz
mv HypercubeGrid-PT-C3K4P4B12 execution
cd execution
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StateSpace" ]; then
rm -f GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
fi
pwd
ls -lh

echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stdout:"
echo
echo "=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)"
echo
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of positive values"
echo NUM_VECTOR
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" != "StateSpace" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of booleans"
echo BOOL_VECTOR
else
echo "no data necessary for post analysis"
fi
echo
if [ -f "ReachabilityCardinality.xml" ] ; then # for cunf (txt files deleted;-)
echo echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from xml file)"
for x in $(grep '' ReachabilityCardinality.xml | cut -d '>' -f 2 | cut -d '<' -f 1 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] ; then
echo "FORMULA_NAME ReachabilityCardinality"
fi
echo
echo "=== Now, execution of the tool begins"
echo
echo -n "BK_START "
date -u +%s%3N
echo
timeout -s 9 $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT bash -c "/home/mcc/BenchKit/BenchKit_head.sh 2> STDERR ; echo ; echo -n \"BK_STOP \" ; date -u +%s%3N"
if [ $? -eq 137 ] ; then
echo
echo "BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT_REACHED"
fi
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stderr:"
echo
cat STDERR ;