Execution Chart

Sorry, for this execution, no execution chart could be reported.

Trace from the execution

Formatting '/data/fkordon/mcc2025-input.r002-tall-174853729600590.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=4294967296 backing_file=/data/fkordon/mcc2025-input.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
Waiting for the VM to be ready (probing ssh)
........................................................................................................
=====================================================================
Generated by BenchKit 2-5832
Executing tool itstools
Input is AutoFlight-PT-96a, examination is ReachabilityCardinality
Time confinement is 3600 seconds
Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes
Number of cores is 4
Run identifier is r002-tall-174853729600590
=====================================================================

--------------------
preparation of the directory to be used:
/home/mcc/execution
total 1.1M
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 5.6K May 29 14:47 CTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 53K May 29 14:47 CTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 5.3K May 29 14:47 CTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 47K May 29 14:47 CTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.2K May 29 14:32 GenericPropertiesDefinition.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6.6K May 29 14:32 GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 3.8K May 29 14:47 LTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 27K May 29 14:47 LTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 2.3K May 29 14:47 LTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 19K May 29 14:47 LTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 13K May 29 14:47 ReachabilityCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 141K May 29 14:47 ReachabilityCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 8.9K May 29 14:47 ReachabilityFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 76K May 29 14:47 ReachabilityFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 1.6K May 29 14:47 UpperBounds.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 3.7K May 29 14:47 UpperBounds.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 29 14:32 equiv_col
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4 May 29 14:32 instance
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 29 14:32 iscolored
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 629K May 29 14:32 model.pnml

--------------------
content from stdout:

=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)

The expected result is a vector of booleans
BOOL_VECTOR

echo here is the order used to build the result vector(from xml file)
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-00
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-01
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-02
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-03
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-04
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-05
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-06
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-07
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-08
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-09
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-10
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-11
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-12
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-13
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-14
FORMULA_NAME AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-15

=== Now, execution of the tool begins

BK_START 1748642835338

Invoking MCC driver with
BK_TOOL=itstools
BK_EXAMINATION=ReachabilityCardinality
BK_BIN_PATH=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/
BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT=3600
BK_INPUT=AutoFlight-PT-96a
BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT=16384
Not applying reductions.
Model is PT
ReachabilityCardinality PT
Running Version 202505121319
[2025-05-30 22:07:16] [INFO ] Running its-tools with arguments : [-pnfolder, /home/mcc/execution, -examination, ReachabilityCardinality, -its, -ltsmin, -greatspnpath, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/, -order, META, -manyOrder, -smt, -timeout, 3600]
[2025-05-30 22:07:16] [INFO ] Parsing pnml file : /home/mcc/execution/model.pnml
[2025-05-30 22:07:16] [INFO ] Load time of PNML (sax parser for PT used): 158 ms
[2025-05-30 22:07:16] [INFO ] Transformed 2251 places.
[2025-05-30 22:07:16] [INFO ] Transformed 2225 transitions.
[2025-05-30 22:07:16] [INFO ] Found NUPN structural information;
[2025-05-30 22:07:16] [INFO ] Parsed PT model containing 2251 places and 2225 transitions and 6914 arcs in 259 ms.
Parsed 16 properties from file /home/mcc/execution/ReachabilityCardinality.xml in 16 ms.
Working with output stream class java.io.PrintStream
Ensure Unique test removed 384 transitions
Reduce redundant transitions removed 384 transitions.
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-03 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL INITIAL_STATE
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-14 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL INITIAL_STATE
[2025-05-30 22:07:17] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 513 ms
[2025-05-30 22:07:18] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 245 ms
RANDOM walk for 40000 steps (148 resets) in 4165 ms. (9 steps per ms) remains 11/14 properties
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-10 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-07 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-04 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
[2025-05-30 22:07:18] [INFO ] Time to serialize gal into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality8536559500322959395.gal : 109 ms
[2025-05-30 22:07:18] [INFO ] Time to serialize properties into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality15049847888790645287.prop : 6 ms
Invoking ITS tools like this :cd /home/mcc/execution;'/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202505121319/bin/its-reach-linux64' '--gc-threshold' '2000000' '--quiet' '-i' '/tmp/ReachabilityCardinality8536559500322959395.gal' '-t' 'CGAL' '-reachable-file' '/tmp/ReachabilityCardinality15049847888790645287.prop' '--nowitness' '--gen-order' 'FOLLOW'

its-reach command run as :

BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 868 ms. (46 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202505121319/bin/its-reach-linux64 --gc-threshold 2000000 --quiet ...329
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 493 ms. (80 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
Loading property file /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality15049847888790645287.prop.
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 714 ms. (55 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 879 ms. (45 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 1053 ms. (37 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 691 ms. (57 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 499 ms. (80 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 475 ms. (84 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 431 ms. (92 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 425 ms. (93 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 444 ms. (89 steps per ms) remains 11/11 properties
// Phase 1: matrix 1841 rows 2251 cols
[2025-05-30 22:07:21] [INFO ] Computed 514 invariants in 69 ms
[2025-05-30 22:07:21] [INFO ] State equation strengthened by 384 read => feed constraints.
Excessive predecessor constraint size, skipping predecessor.
Starting Z3 with timeout 5.0 s and query timeout 500.0 ms
All remaining problems are real, not stopping.
At refinement iteration 0 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/153 variables, 153/153 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 11 unsolved
At refinement iteration 1 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/153 variables, 12/165 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 11 unsolved
At refinement iteration 2 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/153 variables, 0/165 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 11 unsolved
SDD proceeding with computation,11 properties remain. new max is 4
SDD size :1 after 9
At refinement iteration 3 (OVERLAPS) 1983/2136 variables, 501/666 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 11 unsolved
Problem AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-02 is UNSAT
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-02 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-06 is UNSAT
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-06 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
Problem AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-08 is UNSAT
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-08 FALSE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
At refinement iteration 4 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/2136 variables, 1983/2649 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
At refinement iteration 5 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/2136 variables, 0/2649 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
SDD proceeding with computation,11 properties remain. new max is 8
SDD size :9 after 257
At refinement iteration 6 (OVERLAPS) 115/2251 variables, 1/2650 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
At refinement iteration 7 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/2251 variables, 115/2765 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
At refinement iteration 8 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/2251 variables, 0/2765 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
At refinement iteration 9 (OVERLAPS) 1841/4092 variables, 2251/5016 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
At refinement iteration 10 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/4092 variables, 384/5400 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
Solver is answering 'unknown', stopping.
After SMT solving in domain Real declared 4092/4092 variables, and 5400 constraints, problems are : Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved in 5054 ms.
Refiners :[Domain max(s): 2251/2251 constraints, Positive P Invariants (semi-flows): 513/513 constraints, Generalized P Invariants (flows): 1/1 constraints, State Equation: 2251/2251 constraints, ReadFeed: 384/384 constraints, PredecessorRefiner: 11/10 constraints, Known Traps: 0/0 constraints, Known Traps Along Path: 0/0 constraints]
Escalating to Integer solving :Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
Starting Z3 with timeout 5.0 s and query timeout 500.0 ms
At refinement iteration 0 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/99 variables, 99/99 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
At refinement iteration 1 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/99 variables, 0/99 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 3 solved, 8 unsolved
Problem AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-00 is UNSAT
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-00 TRUE TECHNIQUES SMT_REFINEMENT
At refinement iteration 2 (OVERLAPS) 971/1070 variables, 67/166 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
At refinement iteration 3 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1070 variables, 971/1137 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
At refinement iteration 4 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1070 variables, 0/1137 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
At refinement iteration 5 (OVERLAPS) 1065/2135 variables, 446/1583 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
At refinement iteration 6 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/2135 variables, 1065/2648 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
At refinement iteration 7 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/2135 variables, 0/2648 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
At refinement iteration 8 (OVERLAPS) 116/2251 variables, 1/2649 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
At refinement iteration 9 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/2251 variables, 116/2765 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
Starting Z3 with timeout 120.0 s and query timeout 12000.0 ms
[2025-05-30 22:07:31] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 522 places in 1070 ms of which 483 ms to minimize.
Starting Z3 with timeout 120.0 s and query timeout 12000.0 ms
[2025-05-30 22:07:32] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 524 places in 1041 ms of which 488 ms to minimize.
SMT process timed out in 10963ms, After SMT, problems are : Problem set: 4 solved, 7 unsolved
Fused 7 Parikh solutions to 1 different solutions.
Parikh walk visited 0 properties in 0 ms.
Support contains 82 out of 2251 places. Attempting structural reductions.
Starting structural reductions in REACHABILITY mode, iteration 0 : 2251/2251 places, 1841/1841 transitions.
Drop transitions (Trivial Post-Agglo cleanup.) removed 377 transitions
Trivial Post-agglo rules discarded 377 transitions
Performed 377 trivial Post agglomeration. Transition count delta: 377
Iterating post reduction 0 with 377 rules applied. Total rules applied 377 place count 2251 transition count 1464
Reduce places removed 377 places and 0 transitions.
Performed 21 Post agglomeration using F-continuation condition.Transition count delta: 21
Iterating post reduction 1 with 398 rules applied. Total rules applied 775 place count 1874 transition count 1443
Reduce places removed 21 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 2 with 21 rules applied. Total rules applied 796 place count 1853 transition count 1443
Performed 125 Pre agglomeration using Quasi-Persistent + Divergent Free condition..
Pre-agglomeration after 3 with 125 Pre rules applied. Total rules applied 796 place count 1853 transition count 1318
Deduced a syphon composed of 125 places in 2 ms
Reduce places removed 125 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating global reduction 3 with 250 rules applied. Total rules applied 1046 place count 1728 transition count 1318
Performed 133 Post agglomeration using F-continuation condition.Transition count delta: 133
Deduced a syphon composed of 133 places in 3 ms
Reduce places removed 133 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating global reduction 3 with 266 rules applied. Total rules applied 1312 place count 1595 transition count 1185
Free-agglomeration rule applied 131 times.
Iterating global reduction 3 with 131 rules applied. Total rules applied 1443 place count 1595 transition count 1054
Reduce places removed 131 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 3 with 131 rules applied. Total rules applied 1574 place count 1464 transition count 1054
Applied a total of 1574 rules in 729 ms. Remains 1464 /2251 variables (removed 787) and now considering 1054/1841 (removed 787) transitions.
Finished structural reductions in REACHABILITY mode , in 1 iterations and 742 ms. Remains : 1464/2251 places, 1054/1841 transitions.
RANDOM walk for 40000 steps (402 resets) in 1007 ms. (39 steps per ms) remains 3/7 properties
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-13 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-11 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-05 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-01 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (13 resets) in 540 ms. (73 steps per ms) remains 2/3 properties
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-09 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL BESTFIRST_WALK
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (17 resets) in 526 ms. (75 steps per ms) remains 1/2 properties
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-12 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL BESTFIRST_WALK
BEST_FIRST walk for 34937 steps (28 resets) in 376 ms. (92 steps per ms) remains 0/1 properties
FORMULA AutoFlight-PT-96a-ReachabilityCardinality-2025-15 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL BESTFIRST_WALK
ITS runner timed out or was interrupted.
ITS tools runner thread asked to quit. Dying gracefully.
All properties solved without resorting to model-checking.
Total runtime 17527 ms.

BK_STOP 1748642854096

--------------------
content from stderr:

+ export BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//../
+ BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//../
++ pwd
+ export MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ [[ ReachabilityCardinality = StateSpace ]]
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//runeclipse.sh /home/mcc/execution ReachabilityCardinality -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600
+ ulimit -s 65536
+ [[ -z '' ]]
+ export LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
+ LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
++ sed s/.jar//
++ perl -pe 's/.*\.//g'
++ ls /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.application.pnmcc_1.0.0.202505121319.jar
+ VERSION=202505121319
+ echo 'Running Version 202505121319'
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//itstools/its-tools -pnfolder /home/mcc/execution -examination ReachabilityCardinality -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600

Sequence of Actions to be Executed by the VM

This is useful if one wants to reexecute the tool in the VM from the submitted image disk.

set -x
# this is for BenchKit: configuration of major elements for the test
export BK_INPUT="AutoFlight-PT-96a"
export BK_EXAMINATION="ReachabilityCardinality"
export BK_TOOL="itstools"
export BK_RESULT_DIR="/tmp/BK_RESULTS/OUTPUTS"
export BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT="3600"
export BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT="16384"
export BK_BIN_PATH="/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/"

# this is specific to your benchmark or test

export BIN_DIR="$HOME/BenchKit/bin"

# remove the execution directoty if it exists (to avoid increse of .vmdk images)
if [ -d execution ] ; then
rm -rf execution
fi

# this is for BenchKit: explicit launching of the test
echo "====================================================================="
echo " Generated by BenchKit 2-5832"
echo " Executing tool itstools"
echo " Input is AutoFlight-PT-96a, examination is ReachabilityCardinality"
echo " Time confinement is $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT seconds"
echo " Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes"
echo " Number of cores is 4"
echo " Run identifier is r002-tall-174853729600590"
echo "====================================================================="
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "preparation of the directory to be used:"

tar xzf /home/mcc/BenchKit/INPUTS/AutoFlight-PT-96a.tgz
mv AutoFlight-PT-96a execution
cd execution
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StateSpace" ]; then
rm -f GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
fi
pwd
ls -lh

echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stdout:"
echo
echo "=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)"
echo
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of positive values"
echo NUM_VECTOR
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" != "StateSpace" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of booleans"
echo BOOL_VECTOR
else
echo "no data necessary for post analysis"
fi
echo
if [ -f "ReachabilityCardinality.xml" ] ; then # for cunf (txt files deleted;-)
echo echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from xml file)"
for x in $(grep '' ReachabilityCardinality.xml | cut -d '>' -f 2 | cut -d '<' -f 1 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] ; then
echo "FORMULA_NAME ReachabilityCardinality"
fi
echo
echo "=== Now, execution of the tool begins"
echo
echo -n "BK_START "
date -u +%s%3N
echo
timeout -s 9 $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT bash -c "/home/mcc/BenchKit/BenchKit_head.sh 2> STDERR ; echo ; echo -n \"BK_STOP \" ; date -u +%s%3N"
if [ $? -eq 137 ] ; then
echo
echo "BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT_REACHED"
fi
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stderr:"
echo
cat STDERR ;