fond
Model Checking Contest 2024
14th edition, Geneva, Switzerland, June 25, 2024
Execution of r365-tall-171683778600082
Last Updated
July 7, 2024

About the Execution of ITS-Tools for ShieldIIPs-PT-040A

Execution Summary
Max Memory
Used (MB)
Time wait (ms) CPU Usage (ms) I/O Wait (ms) Computed Result Execution
Status
681.027 14015.00 39888.00 82.40 T normal

Execution Chart

We display below the execution chart for this examination (boot time has been removed).

Trace from the execution

Formatting '/data/fkordon/mcc2024-input.r365-tall-171683778600082.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=4294967296 backing_file=/data/fkordon/mcc2024-input.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
Waiting for the VM to be ready (probing ssh)
...................
=====================================================================
Generated by BenchKit 2-5568
Executing tool itstools
Input is ShieldIIPs-PT-040A, examination is QuasiLiveness
Time confinement is 1800 seconds
Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes
Number of cores is 4
Run identifier is r365-tall-171683778600082
=====================================================================

--------------------
preparation of the directory to be used:
/home/mcc/execution
total 732K
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 5.9K May 14 13:22 CTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 62K May 14 13:22 CTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 5.3K May 14 13:22 CTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 49K May 14 13:22 CTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.2K May 18 16:43 GenericPropertiesDefinition.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 3.4K May 19 07:15 LTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 24K May 19 16:30 LTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 2.1K May 19 07:31 LTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 18K May 19 19:03 LTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 7.0K Apr 11 15:13 ReachabilityCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 65K Apr 11 15:13 ReachabilityCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 11K Apr 11 15:00 ReachabilityFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 92K Apr 11 15:00 ReachabilityFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 1.6K Apr 23 07:52 UpperBounds.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 3.7K Apr 23 07:52 UpperBounds.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 18 16:43 equiv_col
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 5 May 18 16:43 instance
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 18 16:43 iscolored
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 338K May 18 16:43 model.pnml

--------------------
content from stdout:

=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)

The expected result is a vector of booleans
BOOL_VECTOR

FORMULA_NAME QuasiLiveness

=== Now, execution of the tool begins

BK_START 1716912638784

Invoking MCC driver with
BK_TOOL=itstools
BK_EXAMINATION=QuasiLiveness
BK_BIN_PATH=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/
BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT=1800
BK_INPUT=ShieldIIPs-PT-040A
BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT=16384
Not applying reductions.
Model is PT
QuasiLiveness PT
Running Version 202405141337
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Running its-tools with arguments : [-pnfolder, /home/mcc/execution, -examination, QuasiLiveness, -its, -ltsmin, -greatspnpath, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/, -order, META, -manyOrder, -smt, -timeout, 1800]
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Parsing pnml file : /home/mcc/execution/model.pnml
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Load time of PNML (sax parser for PT used): 130 ms
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Transformed 1003 places.
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Transformed 963 transitions.
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Found NUPN structural information;
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Parsed PT model containing 1003 places and 963 transitions and 4326 arcs in 265 ms.
Starting structural reductions in LIVENESS mode, iteration 0 : 1003/1003 places, 963/963 transitions.
Performed 1 Pre agglomeration using Quasi-Persistent + Divergent Free condition..
Pre-agglomeration after 0 with 1 Pre rules applied. Total rules applied 0 place count 1003 transition count 962
Deduced a syphon composed of 1 places in 27 ms
Reduce places removed 1 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating global reduction 0 with 2 rules applied. Total rules applied 2 place count 1002 transition count 962
Performed 1 Post agglomeration using F-continuation condition.Transition count delta: 1
Deduced a syphon composed of 1 places in 7 ms
Reduce places removed 1 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating global reduction 0 with 2 rules applied. Total rules applied 4 place count 1001 transition count 961
Applied a total of 4 rules in 115 ms. Remains 1001 /1003 variables (removed 2) and now considering 961/963 (removed 2) transitions.
// Phase 1: matrix 961 rows 1001 cols
[2024-05-28 16:10:40] [INFO ] Computed 361 invariants in 27 ms
[2024-05-28 16:10:41] [INFO ] Implicit Places using invariants in 829 ms returned [987]
Discarding 1 places :
Implicit Place search using SMT only with invariants took 867 ms to find 1 implicit places.
Starting structural reductions in LIVENESS mode, iteration 1 : 1000/1003 places, 961/963 transitions.
Applied a total of 0 rules in 20 ms. Remains 1000 /1000 variables (removed 0) and now considering 961/961 (removed 0) transitions.
Finished structural reductions in LIVENESS mode , in 2 iterations and 1024 ms. Remains : 1000/1003 places, 961/963 transitions.
Discarding 240 transitions out of 961. Remains 721
Initial state reduction rules removed 1 formulas.
RANDOM walk for 40000 steps (16 resets) in 4492 ms. (8 steps per ms) remains 1/720 properties
[2024-05-28 16:10:43] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 326 ms
BEST_FIRST walk for 40004 steps (8 resets) in 661 ms. (60 steps per ms) remains 1/1 properties
[2024-05-28 16:10:43] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 161 ms
// Phase 1: matrix 961 rows 1000 cols
[2024-05-28 16:10:43] [INFO ] Time to serialize gal into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality9158307079008633848.gal : 48 ms
[2024-05-28 16:10:43] [INFO ] Time to serialize properties into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality17873729065823082749.prop : 1 ms
Invoking ITS tools like this :cd /home/mcc/execution;'/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202405141337/bin/its-reach-linux64' '--gc-threshold' '2000000' '--quiet' '-i' '/tmp/ReachabilityCardinality9158307079008633848.gal' '-t' 'CGAL' '-reachable-file' '/tmp/ReachabilityCardinality17873729065823082749.prop' '--nowitness' '--gen-order' 'FOLLOW'
[2024-05-28 16:10:43] [INFO ] Computed 360 invariants in 52 ms

its-reach command run as :

/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202405141337/bin/its-reach-linux64 --gc-threshold 2000000 --quiet ...329
At refinement iteration 0 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/3 variables, 3/3 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 1 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/3 variables, 0/3 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 2 (OVERLAPS) 8/11 variables, 3/6 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 3 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/11 variables, 8/14 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 4 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/11 variables, 0/14 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
Loading property file /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality17873729065823082749.prop.
At refinement iteration 5 (OVERLAPS) 989/1000 variables, 357/371 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 6 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1000 variables, 989/1360 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
[2024-05-28 16:10:44] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 11 places in 114 ms of which 7 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:44] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 9 places in 52 ms of which 0 ms to minimize.
At refinement iteration 7 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1000 variables, 2/1362 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 8 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1000 variables, 0/1362 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 4
SDD size :3 after 5
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 8
SDD size :5 after 10
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 16
SDD size :10 after 19
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 32
SDD size :19 after 36
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 64
SDD size :36 after 69
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 128
SDD size :69 after 129
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 256
SDD size :129 after 508
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 512
SDD size :508 after 30410
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 1024
SDD size :30410 after 40491
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 2048
SDD size :40491 after 83939
At refinement iteration 9 (OVERLAPS) 961/1961 variables, 1000/2362 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 4096
SDD size :83939 after 949127
[2024-05-28 16:10:45] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 303 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 8192
SDD size :949127 after 1.61886e+08
[2024-05-28 16:10:45] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 351 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:45] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 244 ms of which 4 ms to minimize.
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 16384
SDD size :1.61886e+08 after 3.81334e+09
[2024-05-28 16:10:46] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 753 ms of which 17 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:46] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 163 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:47] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 619 ms of which 2 ms to minimize.
At refinement iteration 10 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1961 variables, 6/2368 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 11 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1961 variables, 0/2368 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 12 (OVERLAPS) 0/1961 variables, 0/2368 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
No progress, stopping.
After SMT solving in domain Real declared 1961/1961 variables, and 2368 constraints, problems are : Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved in 4131 ms.
Refiners :[Domain max(s): 1000/1000 constraints, Positive P Invariants (semi-flows): 360/360 constraints, State Equation: 1000/1000 constraints, PredecessorRefiner: 1/1 constraints, Known Traps: 8/8 constraints]
Escalating to Integer solving :Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 0 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/3 variables, 3/3 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 1 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/3 variables, 0/3 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 2 (OVERLAPS) 8/11 variables, 3/6 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 3 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/11 variables, 8/14 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 4 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/11 variables, 0/14 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 5 (OVERLAPS) 989/1000 variables, 357/371 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 6 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1000 variables, 989/1360 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 7 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1000 variables, 8/1368 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
[2024-05-28 16:10:48] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 11 places in 106 ms of which 0 ms to minimize.
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 32768
SDD size :3.81334e+09 after 1.08579e+12
[2024-05-28 16:10:48] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 11 places in 164 ms of which 0 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:48] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 13 places in 42 ms of which 0 ms to minimize.
At refinement iteration 8 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1000 variables, 3/1371 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 9 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1000 variables, 0/1371 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 10 (OVERLAPS) 961/1961 variables, 1000/2371 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 11 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1961 variables, 1/2372 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
[2024-05-28 16:10:48] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 202 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:49] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 182 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:49] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 20 places in 175 ms of which 2 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:49] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 170 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:49] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 209 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:50] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 26 places in 191 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:50] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 169 ms of which 2 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:50] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 20 places in 175 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:50] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 17 places in 182 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:50] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 190 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:51] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 18 places in 180 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:51] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 24 places in 177 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
[2024-05-28 16:10:51] [INFO ] Deduced a trap composed of 33 places in 186 ms of which 3 ms to minimize.
At refinement iteration 12 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1961 variables, 13/2385 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 13 (INCLUDED_ONLY) 0/1961 variables, 0/2385 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
At refinement iteration 14 (OVERLAPS) 0/1961 variables, 0/2385 constraints. Problems are: Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
No progress, stopping.
After SMT solving in domain Int declared 1961/1961 variables, and 2385 constraints, problems are : Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved in 4093 ms.
Refiners :[Domain max(s): 1000/1000 constraints, Positive P Invariants (semi-flows): 360/360 constraints, State Equation: 1000/1000 constraints, PredecessorRefiner: 1/1 constraints, Known Traps: 24/24 constraints]
After SMT, in 8432ms problems are : Problem set: 0 solved, 1 unsolved
Parikh walk visited 0 properties in 253 ms.
Support contains 3 out of 1000 places. Attempting structural reductions.
Starting structural reductions in REACHABILITY mode, iteration 0 : 1000/1000 places, 961/961 transitions.
Partial Free-agglomeration rule applied 276 times.
Drop transitions (Partial Free agglomeration) removed 276 transitions
Iterating global reduction 0 with 276 rules applied. Total rules applied 276 place count 1000 transition count 961
Reduce places removed 1 places and 1 transitions.
Iterating global reduction 0 with 1 rules applied. Total rules applied 277 place count 999 transition count 960
Applied a total of 277 rules in 284 ms. Remains 999 /1000 variables (removed 1) and now considering 960/961 (removed 1) transitions.
Finished structural reductions in REACHABILITY mode , in 1 iterations and 285 ms. Remains : 999/1000 places, 960/961 transitions.
RANDOM walk for 46379 steps (6 resets) in 643 ms. (72 steps per ms) remains 0/1 properties
ITS runner timed out or was interrupted.
ITS tools runner thread asked to quit. Dying gracefully.
Able to resolve query QuasiLiveness after proving 721 properties.
FORMULA QuasiLiveness TRUE TECHNIQUES RANDOM_WALK TOPOLOGICAL INITIAL_STATE
Total runtime 12597 ms.

BK_STOP 1716912652799

--------------------
content from stderr:

+ export BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//../
+ BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//../
++ pwd
+ export MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ [[ QuasiLiveness = StateSpace ]]
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//runeclipse.sh /home/mcc/execution QuasiLiveness -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 1800
+ ulimit -s 65536
+ [[ -z '' ]]
+ export LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
+ LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
+ export PYTHONPATH=/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/pylibs
+ PYTHONPATH=/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/pylibs
+ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/pylibs:
+ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/pylibs:
++ sed s/.jar//
++ perl -pe 's/.*\.//g'
++ ls /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.application.pnmcc_1.0.0.202405141337.jar
+ VERSION=202405141337
+ echo 'Running Version 202405141337'
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//itstools/its-tools -pnfolder /home/mcc/execution -examination QuasiLiveness -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../itstools/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 1800

Sequence of Actions to be Executed by the VM

This is useful if one wants to reexecute the tool in the VM from the submitted image disk.

set -x
# this is for BenchKit: configuration of major elements for the test
export BK_INPUT="ShieldIIPs-PT-040A"
export BK_EXAMINATION="QuasiLiveness"
export BK_TOOL="itstools"
export BK_RESULT_DIR="/tmp/BK_RESULTS/OUTPUTS"
export BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT="1800"
export BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT="16384"
export BK_BIN_PATH="/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/"

# this is specific to your benchmark or test

export BIN_DIR="$HOME/BenchKit/bin"

# remove the execution directoty if it exists (to avoid increse of .vmdk images)
if [ -d execution ] ; then
rm -rf execution
fi

# this is for BenchKit: explicit launching of the test
echo "====================================================================="
echo " Generated by BenchKit 2-5568"
echo " Executing tool itstools"
echo " Input is ShieldIIPs-PT-040A, examination is QuasiLiveness"
echo " Time confinement is $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT seconds"
echo " Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes"
echo " Number of cores is 4"
echo " Run identifier is r365-tall-171683778600082"
echo "====================================================================="
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "preparation of the directory to be used:"

tar xzf /home/mcc/BenchKit/INPUTS/ShieldIIPs-PT-040A.tgz
mv ShieldIIPs-PT-040A execution
cd execution
if [ "QuasiLiveness" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "UpperBounds" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "Liveness" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "OneSafe" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "StateSpace" ]; then
rm -f GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
fi
pwd
ls -lh

echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stdout:"
echo
echo "=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)"
echo
if [ "QuasiLiveness" = "UpperBounds" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of positive values"
echo NUM_VECTOR
elif [ "QuasiLiveness" != "StateSpace" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of booleans"
echo BOOL_VECTOR
else
echo "no data necessary for post analysis"
fi
echo
if [ -f "QuasiLiveness.txt" ] ; then
echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from text file)"
for x in $(grep Property QuasiLiveness.txt | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ -f "QuasiLiveness.xml" ] ; then # for cunf (txt files deleted;-)
echo echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from xml file)"
for x in $(grep '' QuasiLiveness.xml | cut -d '>' -f 2 | cut -d '<' -f 1 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ "QuasiLiveness" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "Liveness" ] || [ "QuasiLiveness" = "OneSafe" ] ; then
echo "FORMULA_NAME QuasiLiveness"
fi
echo
echo "=== Now, execution of the tool begins"
echo
echo -n "BK_START "
date -u +%s%3N
echo
timeout -s 9 $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT bash -c "/home/mcc/BenchKit/BenchKit_head.sh 2> STDERR ; echo ; echo -n \"BK_STOP \" ; date -u +%s%3N"
if [ $? -eq 137 ] ; then
echo
echo "BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT_REACHED"
fi
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stderr:"
echo
cat STDERR ;