fond
Model Checking Contest 2022
12th edition, Bergen, Norway, June 21, 2022
Execution of r132-tall-165271821000526
Last Updated
Jun 22, 2022

About the Execution of ITS-Tools for LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2

Execution Summary
Max Memory
Used (MB)
Time wait (ms) CPU Usage (ms) I/O Wait (ms) Computed Result Execution
Status
972.027 60196.00 78250.00 182.80 FFFTFFTFTTFFFFTT normal

Execution Chart

We display below the execution chart for this examination (boot time has been removed).

Trace from the execution

Formatting '/data/fkordon/mcc2022-input.r132-tall-165271821000526.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=4294967296 backing_file=/data/fkordon/mcc2022-input.qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
Waiting for the VM to be ready (probing ssh)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=====================================================================
Generated by BenchKit 2-4028
Executing tool itstools
Input is LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2, examination is ReachabilityCardinality
Time confinement is 3600 seconds
Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes
Number of cores is 4
Run identifier is r132-tall-165271821000526
=====================================================================

--------------------
preparation of the directory to be used:
/home/mcc/execution
total 14M
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 10K Apr 29 12:39 CTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 67K Apr 29 12:39 CTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 9.3K Apr 29 12:38 CTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 53K Apr 29 12:38 CTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 5.8K May 9 08:12 LTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 25K May 9 08:12 LTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.2K May 9 08:12 LTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 20K May 9 08:12 LTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 21K Apr 29 12:40 ReachabilityCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 124K Apr 29 12:40 ReachabilityCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 17K Apr 29 12:39 ReachabilityFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 78K Apr 29 12:39 ReachabilityFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 2.2K May 9 08:12 UpperBounds.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.3K May 9 08:12 UpperBounds.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 10 09:34 equiv_col
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 10 09:34 instance
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 10 09:34 iscolored
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 14M May 10 09:34 model.pnml

--------------------
content from stdout:

=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)

The expected result is a vector of booleans
BOOL_VECTOR

here is the order used to build the result vector(from text file)
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-00
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-01
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-02
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-03
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-04
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-05
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-06
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-07
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-08
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-09
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-10
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-11
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-12
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-13
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-14
FORMULA_NAME LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-15

=== Now, execution of the tool begins

BK_START 1654241540942

Running Version 202205111006
[2022-06-03 07:32:22] [INFO ] Running its-tools with arguments : [-pnfolder, /home/mcc/execution, -examination, ReachabilityCardinality, -spotpath, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//ltlfilt, -z3path, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//z3/bin/z3, -yices2path, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//yices/bin/yices, -its, -ltsmin, -greatspnpath, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//greatspn/, -order, META, -manyOrder, -smt, -timeout, 3600]
[2022-06-03 07:32:22] [INFO ] Parsing pnml file : /home/mcc/execution/model.pnml
[2022-06-03 07:32:22] [INFO ] Load time of PNML (sax parser for PT used): 693 ms
[2022-06-03 07:32:22] [INFO ] Transformed 21462 places.
[2022-06-03 07:32:23] [INFO ] Transformed 21129 transitions.
[2022-06-03 07:32:23] [INFO ] Parsed PT model containing 21462 places and 21129 transitions in 902 ms.
Parsed 16 properties from file /home/mcc/execution/ReachabilityCardinality.xml in 65 ms.
Working with output stream class java.io.PrintStream
Incomplete random walk after 10000 steps, including 550 resets, run finished after 858 ms. (steps per millisecond=11 ) properties (out of 16) seen :4
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-07 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-04 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-01 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-00 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 25 resets, run finished after 69 ms. (steps per millisecond=144 ) properties (out of 12) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 26 resets, run finished after 68 ms. (steps per millisecond=147 ) properties (out of 12) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 25 resets, run finished after 82 ms. (steps per millisecond=121 ) properties (out of 12) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 24 resets, run finished after 58 ms. (steps per millisecond=172 ) properties (out of 12) seen :1
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-13 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL BESTFIRST_WALK
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10000 steps, including 24 resets, run finished after 47 ms. (steps per millisecond=212 ) properties (out of 11) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 25 resets, run finished after 57 ms. (steps per millisecond=175 ) properties (out of 11) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 25 resets, run finished after 37 ms. (steps per millisecond=270 ) properties (out of 11) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 26 resets, run finished after 32 ms. (steps per millisecond=312 ) properties (out of 11) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 25 resets, run finished after 40 ms. (steps per millisecond=250 ) properties (out of 11) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 25 resets, run finished after 31 ms. (steps per millisecond=322 ) properties (out of 11) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 25 resets, run finished after 39 ms. (steps per millisecond=256 ) properties (out of 11) seen :0
Running SMT prover for 11 properties.
// Phase 1: matrix 21129 rows 21462 cols
[2022-06-03 07:32:27] [INFO ] Computed 333 place invariants in 2555 ms
[2022-06-03 07:32:33] [INFO ] After 5869ms SMT Verify possible using all constraints in real domain returned unsat :0 sat :0 real:11
[2022-06-03 07:32:38] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 67 positive place invariants in 69 ms returned sat
[2022-06-03 07:32:39] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 67 positive and 266 generalized place invariants in 894 ms returned sat
[2022-06-03 07:32:58] [INFO ] After 17052ms SMT Verify possible using state equation in natural domain returned unsat :8 sat :2
[2022-06-03 07:32:58] [INFO ] After 17088ms SMT Verify possible using trap constraints in natural domain returned unsat :8 sat :2
Attempting to minimize the solution found.
Minimization took 7 ms.
[2022-06-03 07:32:58] [INFO ] After 25075ms SMT Verify possible using all constraints in natural domain returned unsat :8 sat :2
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-14 TRUE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-12 FALSE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-11 FALSE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-10 FALSE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-09 TRUE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-08 TRUE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-05 FALSE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-03 TRUE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
Fused 11 Parikh solutions to 1 different solutions.
Parikh walk visited 0 properties in 0 ms.
Support contains 62 out of 21462 places. Attempting structural reductions.
Starting structural reductions in SAFETY mode, iteration 0 : 21462/21462 places, 21129/21129 transitions.
Graph (complete) has 42457 edges and 21462 vertex of which 2437 are kept as prefixes of interest. Removing 19025 places using SCC suffix rule.37 ms
Discarding 19025 places :
Also discarding 10499 output transitions
Drop transitions removed 10499 transitions
Drop transitions removed 4208 transitions
Reduce isomorphic transitions removed 4208 transitions.
Drop transitions removed 974 transitions
Trivial Post-agglo rules discarded 974 transitions
Performed 974 trivial Post agglomeration. Transition count delta: 974
Iterating post reduction 0 with 5182 rules applied. Total rules applied 5183 place count 2437 transition count 5448
Reduce places removed 976 places and 0 transitions.
Drop transitions removed 31 transitions
Trivial Post-agglo rules discarded 31 transitions
Performed 31 trivial Post agglomeration. Transition count delta: 31
Iterating post reduction 1 with 1007 rules applied. Total rules applied 6190 place count 1461 transition count 5417
Reduce places removed 31 places and 0 transitions.
Performed 6 Post agglomeration using F-continuation condition.Transition count delta: 6
Iterating post reduction 2 with 37 rules applied. Total rules applied 6227 place count 1430 transition count 5411
Reduce places removed 6 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 3 with 6 rules applied. Total rules applied 6233 place count 1424 transition count 5411
Performed 40 Pre agglomeration using Quasi-Persistent + Divergent Free condition..
Pre-agglomeration after 4 with 40 Pre rules applied. Total rules applied 6233 place count 1424 transition count 5371
Deduced a syphon composed of 40 places in 3 ms
Reduce places removed 40 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating global reduction 4 with 80 rules applied. Total rules applied 6313 place count 1384 transition count 5371
Discarding 30 places :
Symmetric choice reduction at 4 with 30 rule applications. Total rules 6343 place count 1354 transition count 5341
Iterating global reduction 4 with 30 rules applied. Total rules applied 6373 place count 1354 transition count 5341
Free-agglomeration rule (complex) applied 11 times.
Iterating global reduction 4 with 11 rules applied. Total rules applied 6384 place count 1354 transition count 5330
Reduce places removed 11 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 4 with 11 rules applied. Total rules applied 6395 place count 1343 transition count 5330
Partial Free-agglomeration rule applied 952 times.
Drop transitions removed 952 transitions
Iterating global reduction 5 with 952 rules applied. Total rules applied 7347 place count 1343 transition count 5330
Discarding 22 places :
Implicit places reduction removed 22 places
Iterating post reduction 5 with 22 rules applied. Total rules applied 7369 place count 1321 transition count 5330
Free-agglomeration rule (complex) applied 15 times.
Iterating global reduction 6 with 15 rules applied. Total rules applied 7384 place count 1321 transition count 5315
Reduce places removed 15 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 6 with 15 rules applied. Total rules applied 7399 place count 1306 transition count 5315
Applied a total of 7399 rules in 1750 ms. Remains 1306 /21462 variables (removed 20156) and now considering 5315/21129 (removed 15814) transitions.
Finished structural reductions, in 1 iterations. Remains : 1306/21462 places, 5315/21129 transitions.
Incomplete random walk after 1000000 steps, including 186870 resets, run finished after 11673 ms. (steps per millisecond=85 ) properties (out of 3) seen :2
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-15 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-02 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 1000001 steps, including 4791 resets, run finished after 2120 ms. (steps per millisecond=471 ) properties (out of 1) seen :0
Running SMT prover for 1 properties.
[2022-06-03 07:33:13] [INFO ] Flow matrix only has 2263 transitions (discarded 3052 similar events)
// Phase 1: matrix 2263 rows 1306 cols
[2022-06-03 07:33:13] [INFO ] Computed 2 place invariants in 25 ms
[2022-06-03 07:33:14] [INFO ] After 165ms SMT Verify possible using all constraints in real domain returned unsat :0 sat :0 real:1
[2022-06-03 07:33:14] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 0 positive and 2 generalized place invariants in 2 ms returned sat
[2022-06-03 07:33:14] [INFO ] After 632ms SMT Verify possible using state equation in natural domain returned unsat :0 sat :1
[2022-06-03 07:33:15] [INFO ] After 817ms SMT Verify possible using trap constraints in natural domain returned unsat :0 sat :1
Attempting to minimize the solution found.
Minimization took 126 ms.
[2022-06-03 07:33:15] [INFO ] After 1112ms SMT Verify possible using all constraints in natural domain returned unsat :0 sat :1
Parikh walk visited 0 properties in 12 ms.
Support contains 25 out of 1306 places. Attempting structural reductions.
Starting structural reductions in SAFETY mode, iteration 0 : 1306/1306 places, 5315/5315 transitions.
Graph (complete) has 3905 edges and 1306 vertex of which 553 are kept as prefixes of interest. Removing 753 places using SCC suffix rule.3 ms
Discarding 753 places :
Also discarding 29 output transitions
Drop transitions removed 29 transitions
Drop transitions removed 711 transitions
Reduce isomorphic transitions removed 711 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 0 with 711 rules applied. Total rules applied 712 place count 553 transition count 4575
Free-agglomeration rule (complex) applied 1 times.
Iterating global reduction 1 with 1 rules applied. Total rules applied 713 place count 553 transition count 4574
Reduce places removed 1 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 1 with 1 rules applied. Total rules applied 714 place count 552 transition count 4574
Partial Free-agglomeration rule applied 31 times.
Drop transitions removed 31 transitions
Iterating global reduction 2 with 31 rules applied. Total rules applied 745 place count 552 transition count 4574
Discarding 1 places :
Implicit places reduction removed 1 places
Iterating post reduction 2 with 1 rules applied. Total rules applied 746 place count 551 transition count 4574
Free-agglomeration rule (complex) applied 1 times.
Iterating global reduction 3 with 1 rules applied. Total rules applied 747 place count 551 transition count 4573
Reduce places removed 1 places and 0 transitions.
Iterating post reduction 3 with 1 rules applied. Total rules applied 748 place count 550 transition count 4573
Applied a total of 748 rules in 225 ms. Remains 550 /1306 variables (removed 756) and now considering 4573/5315 (removed 742) transitions.
Finished structural reductions, in 1 iterations. Remains : 550/1306 places, 4573/5315 transitions.
Finished random walk after 686804 steps, including 125617 resets, run visited all 1 properties in 5517 ms. (steps per millisecond=124 )
FORMULA LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2-ReachabilityCardinality-06 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
All properties solved without resorting to model-checking.
Total runtime 58978 ms.

BK_STOP 1654241601138

--------------------
content from stderr:

+ export LANG=C
+ LANG=C
+ export BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../
+ BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../
++ pwd
+ export MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ [[ ReachabilityCardinality = StateSpace ]]
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//runeclipse.sh /home/mcc/execution ReachabilityCardinality -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600
+ ulimit -s 65536
+ export PYTHONPATH=/usr/lib/python3.9/site-packages/
+ PYTHONPATH=/usr/lib/python3.9/site-packages/
+ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:
+ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:
+ [[ -z '' ]]
+ export LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
+ LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
++ sed s/.jar//
++ perl -pe 's/.*\.//g'
++ ls /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.application.pnmcc_1.0.0.202205111006.jar
+ VERSION=202205111006
+ echo 'Running Version 202205111006'
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//itstools/its-tools -data @none -pnfolder /home/mcc/execution -examination ReachabilityCardinality -spotpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//ltlfilt -z3path /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//z3/bin/z3 -yices2path /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//yices/bin/yices -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600 -vmargs -Dosgi.locking=none -Declipse.stateSaveDelayInterval=-1 -Dosgi.configuration.area=@none -Xss128m -Xms40m -Xmx8192m

Sequence of Actions to be Executed by the VM

This is useful if one wants to reexecute the tool in the VM from the submitted image disk.

set -x
# this is for BenchKit: configuration of major elements for the test
export BK_INPUT="LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2"
export BK_EXAMINATION="ReachabilityCardinality"
export BK_TOOL="itstools"
export BK_RESULT_DIR="/tmp/BK_RESULTS/OUTPUTS"
export BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT="3600"
export BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT="16384"
export BK_BIN_PATH="/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/"

# this is specific to your benchmark or test

export BIN_DIR="$HOME/BenchKit/bin"

# remove the execution directoty if it exists (to avoid increse of .vmdk images)
if [ -d execution ] ; then
rm -rf execution
fi

# this is for BenchKit: explicit launching of the test
echo "====================================================================="
echo " Generated by BenchKit 2-4028"
echo " Executing tool itstools"
echo " Input is LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2, examination is ReachabilityCardinality"
echo " Time confinement is $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT seconds"
echo " Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes"
echo " Number of cores is 4"
echo " Run identifier is r132-tall-165271821000526"
echo "====================================================================="
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "preparation of the directory to be used:"

tar xzf /home/mcc/BenchKit/INPUTS/LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2.tgz
mv LeafsetExtension-PT-S64C2 execution
cd execution
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StateSpace" ]; then
rm -f GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
fi
pwd
ls -lh

echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stdout:"
echo
echo "=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)"
echo
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of positive values"
echo NUM_VECTOR
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" != "StateSpace" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of booleans"
echo BOOL_VECTOR
else
echo "no data necessary for post analysis"
fi
echo
if [ -f "ReachabilityCardinality.txt" ] ; then
echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from text file)"
for x in $(grep Property ReachabilityCardinality.txt | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ -f "ReachabilityCardinality.xml" ] ; then # for cunf (txt files deleted;-)
echo echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from xml file)"
for x in $(grep '' ReachabilityCardinality.xml | cut -d '>' -f 2 | cut -d '<' -f 1 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] ; then
echo "FORMULA_NAME ReachabilityCardinality"
fi
echo
echo "=== Now, execution of the tool begins"
echo
echo -n "BK_START "
date -u +%s%3N
echo
timeout -s 9 $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT bash -c "/home/mcc/BenchKit/BenchKit_head.sh 2> STDERR ; echo ; echo -n \"BK_STOP \" ; date -u +%s%3N"
if [ $? -eq 137 ] ; then
echo
echo "BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT_REACHED"
fi
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stderr:"
echo
cat STDERR ;