fond
Model Checking Contest 2022
12th edition, Bergen, Norway, June 21, 2022
Execution of r071-tall-165254780600293
Last Updated
Jun 22, 2022

About the Execution of 2021-gold for Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010

Execution Summary
Max Memory
Used (MB)
Time wait (ms) CPU Usage (ms) I/O Wait (ms) Computed Result Execution
Status
477.504 33369.00 46250.00 721.60 FFTTTTTTFTTTFFTF normal

Execution Chart

We display below the execution chart for this examination (boot time has been removed).

Trace from the execution

Formatting '/data/fkordon/mcc2022-input.r071-tall-165254780600293.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=4294967296 backing_file=/data/fkordon/mcc2022-input.qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
Waiting for the VM to be ready (probing ssh)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................
=====================================================================
Generated by BenchKit 2-4028
Executing tool gold2021
Input is Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010, examination is ReachabilityCardinality
Time confinement is 3600 seconds
Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes
Number of cores is 4
Run identifier is r071-tall-165254780600293
=====================================================================

--------------------
preparation of the directory to be used:
/home/mcc/execution
total 3.5M
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 8.0K Apr 30 04:58 CTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 75K Apr 30 04:58 CTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6.7K Apr 30 04:56 CTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 52K Apr 30 04:56 CTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.2K May 10 09:33 GenericPropertiesDefinition.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6.3K May 10 09:33 GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 4.2K May 9 07:38 LTLCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 26K May 9 07:38 LTLCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 2.9K May 9 07:38 LTLFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 18K May 9 07:38 LTLFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 13K Apr 30 04:59 ReachabilityCardinality.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 113K Apr 30 04:59 ReachabilityCardinality.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 9.1K Apr 30 04:58 ReachabilityFireability.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 65K Apr 30 04:58 ReachabilityFireability.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 1.8K May 9 07:38 UpperBounds.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 3.9K May 9 07:38 UpperBounds.xml
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 10 09:33 equiv_col
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 8 May 10 09:33 instance
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 6 May 10 09:33 iscolored
-rw-r--r-- 1 mcc users 3.0M May 10 09:33 model.pnml

--------------------
content from stdout:

=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)

The expected result is a vector of booleans
BOOL_VECTOR

here is the order used to build the result vector(from text file)
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-00
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-01
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-02
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-03
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-04
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-05
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-06
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-07
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-08
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-09
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-10
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-11
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-12
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-13
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-14
FORMULA_NAME Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-15

=== Now, execution of the tool begins

BK_START 1655070678756

Running Version 0
[2022-06-12 21:51:20] [INFO ] Running its-tools with arguments : [-pnfolder, /home/mcc/execution, -examination, ReachabilityCardinality, -spotpath, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//ltlfilt, -z3path, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//z3/bin/z3, -yices2path, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//yices/bin/yices, -its, -ltsmin, -greatspnpath, /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//greatspn/, -order, META, -manyOrder, -smt, -timeout, 3600]
[2022-06-12 21:51:20] [INFO ] Parsing pnml file : /home/mcc/execution/model.pnml
[2022-06-12 21:51:20] [INFO ] Load time of PNML (sax parser for PT used): 197 ms
[2022-06-12 21:51:20] [INFO ] Transformed 900 places.
[2022-06-12 21:51:20] [INFO ] Transformed 6844 transitions.
[2022-06-12 21:51:20] [INFO ] Parsed PT model containing 900 places and 6844 transitions in 278 ms.
Parsed 16 properties from file /home/mcc/execution/ReachabilityCardinality.xml in 447 ms.
Working with output stream class java.io.PrintStream
Incomplete random walk after 10007 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 53 ms. (steps per millisecond=188 ) properties (out of 16) seen :9
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-15 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-13 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-11 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-10 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-09 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-08 FALSE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-07 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-06 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-02 TRUE TECHNIQUES TOPOLOGICAL RANDOM_WALK
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 41 ms. (steps per millisecond=243 ) properties (out of 7) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 17 ms. (steps per millisecond=588 ) properties (out of 7) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 36 ms. (steps per millisecond=277 ) properties (out of 7) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 47 ms. (steps per millisecond=212 ) properties (out of 7) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 12 ms. (steps per millisecond=833 ) properties (out of 7) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 8 ms. (steps per millisecond=1250 ) properties (out of 7) seen :0
Incomplete Best-First random walk after 10001 steps, including 2 resets, run finished after 9 ms. (steps per millisecond=1111 ) properties (out of 7) seen :0
Running SMT prover for 7 properties.
// Phase 1: matrix 6844 rows 900 cols
[2022-06-12 21:51:21] [INFO ] Computed 1 place invariants in 68 ms
[2022-06-12 21:51:21] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 17 ms returned unsat
[2022-06-12 21:51:21] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 9 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:21] [INFO ] [Real]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:23] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using state equation in 1215 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:23] [INFO ] Solution in real domain found non-integer solution.
[2022-06-12 21:51:23] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 9 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:23] [INFO ] [Nat]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:24] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using state equation in 1087 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:25] [INFO ] Computed and/alt/rep : 6836/52948/6836 causal constraints (skipped 0 transitions) in 408 ms.
[2022-06-12 21:51:25] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 11 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:25] [INFO ] [Real]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:26] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using state equation in 1233 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:26] [INFO ] Solution in real domain found non-integer solution.
[2022-06-12 21:51:26] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 11 ms returned unsat
[2022-06-12 21:51:26] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 11 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:26] [INFO ] [Real]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:28] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using state equation in 1141 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:28] [INFO ] Solution in real domain found non-integer solution.
[2022-06-12 21:51:28] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 13 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:28] [INFO ] [Nat]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:29] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using state equation in 1030 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:29] [INFO ] Computed and/alt/rep : 6836/52948/6836 causal constraints (skipped 0 transitions) in 364 ms.
[2022-06-12 21:51:29] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 9 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:29] [INFO ] [Real]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:31] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using state equation in 1103 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:31] [INFO ] Solution in real domain found non-integer solution.
[2022-06-12 21:51:31] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 9 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:31] [INFO ] [Nat]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:32] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using state equation in 1008 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:32] [INFO ] Computed and/alt/rep : 6836/52948/6836 causal constraints (skipped 0 transitions) in 351 ms.
[2022-06-12 21:51:32] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 8 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:32] [INFO ] [Real]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:33] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using state equation in 1019 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:33] [INFO ] Solution in real domain found non-integer solution.
[2022-06-12 21:51:34] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 9 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:34] [INFO ] [Nat]Adding state equation constraints to refine reachable states.
[2022-06-12 21:51:35] [INFO ] [Nat]Absence check using state equation in 1025 ms returned sat
[2022-06-12 21:51:35] [INFO ] Computed and/alt/rep : 6836/52948/6836 causal constraints (skipped 0 transitions) in 320 ms.
[2022-06-12 21:51:35] [INFO ] [Real]Absence check using 1 positive place invariants in 13 ms returned unsat
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-14 TRUE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-03 TRUE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-00 FALSE TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL_REDUCTION TOPOLOGICAL SAT_SMT
Fused 7 Parikh solutions to 1 different solutions.
Support contains 65 out of 900 places. Attempting structural reductions.
Starting structural reductions, iteration 0 : 900/900 places, 6844/6844 transitions.
Graph (trivial) has 5904 edges and 900 vertex of which 835 / 900 are part of one of the 1 SCC in 24 ms
Free SCC test removed 834 places
Drop transitions removed 5904 transitions
Ensure Unique test removed 776 transitions
Reduce isomorphic transitions removed 6680 transitions.
Drop transitions removed 44 transitions
Redundant transition composition rules discarded 44 transitions
Iterating global reduction 0 with 44 rules applied. Total rules applied 45 place count 66 transition count 120
Applied a total of 45 rules in 58 ms. Remains 66 /900 variables (removed 834) and now considering 120/6844 (removed 6724) transitions.
Finished structural reductions, in 1 iterations. Remains : 66/900 places, 120/6844 transitions.
[2022-06-12 21:51:35] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 29 ms
[2022-06-12 21:51:35] [INFO ] Flatten gal took : 11 ms
[2022-06-12 21:51:35] [INFO ] Time to serialize gal into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality4665441558033024241.gal : 8 ms
[2022-06-12 21:51:35] [INFO ] Time to serialize properties into /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality16559347553827699015.prop : 1 ms
Invoking ITS tools like this :CommandLine [args=[/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202104292328/bin/its-reach-linux64, --gc-threshold, 2000000, --quiet, -i, /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality4665441558033024241.gal, -t, CGAL, -reachable-file, /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality16559347553827699015.prop, --nowitness, --gen-order, FOLLOW], workingDir=/home/mcc/execution]

its-reach command run as :

/home/mcc/BenchKit/itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.itstools.binaries_1.0.0.202104292328/bin/its-reach-linux64 --gc-threshold 2000000 --quiet -i /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality4665441558033024241.gal -t CGAL -reachable-file /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality16559347553827699015.prop --nowitness --gen-order FOLLOW
Loading property file /tmp/ReachabilityCardinality16559347553827699015.prop.
SDD proceeding with computation,4 properties remain. new max is 4
SDD size :1 after 30
Invariant property Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-01 does not hold.
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-01 FALSE TECHNIQUES DECISION_DIAGRAMS TOPOLOGICAL COLLATERAL_PROCESSING
SDD proceeding with computation,3 properties remain. new max is 4
SDD size :30 after 522
SDD proceeding with computation,3 properties remain. new max is 8
SDD size :522 after 528
SDD proceeding with computation,3 properties remain. new max is 16
SDD size :528 after 5982
SDD proceeding with computation,3 properties remain. new max is 32
SDD size :5982 after 2.32478e+06
Reachability property Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-04 is true.
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-04 TRUE TECHNIQUES DECISION_DIAGRAMS TOPOLOGICAL COLLATERAL_PROCESSING
SDD proceeding with computation,2 properties remain. new max is 32
SDD size :2.32478e+06 after 1.1211e+09
SDD proceeding with computation,2 properties remain. new max is 64
SDD size :1.1211e+09 after 3.18569e+09
Reachability property Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-05 is true.
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-05 TRUE TECHNIQUES DECISION_DIAGRAMS TOPOLOGICAL COLLATERAL_PROCESSING
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 64
SDD size :3.18569e+09 after 1.27777e+10
SDD proceeding with computation,1 properties remain. new max is 128
SDD size :1.27777e+10 after 5.21789e+10
Invariant property Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-12 does not hold.
FORMULA Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010-ReachabilityCardinality-12 FALSE TECHNIQUES DECISION_DIAGRAMS TOPOLOGICAL COLLATERAL_PROCESSING
Found states matching all0 target predicate
Will report total states built up to this point. Computation was interrupted after 129 fixpoint passes
Model ,|S| ,Time ,Mem(kb) ,fin. SDD ,fin. DDD ,peak SDD ,peak DDD ,SDD Hom ,SDD cache peak ,DDD Hom ,DDD cachepeak ,SHom cache
petri\_inst\_inst,3.96705e+11,0.121554,7204,2,664,18,22265,6,0,387,16372,0
Total reachable state count : 396704522325

Verifying 4 reachability properties.
Detected timeout of ITS tools.
All properties solved without resorting to model-checking.

BK_STOP 1655070712125

--------------------
content from stderr:

+ export BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../
+ BINDIR=/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//../
++ pwd
+ export MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ MODEL=/home/mcc/execution
+ [[ ReachabilityCardinality = StateSpace ]]
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//runeclipse.sh /home/mcc/execution ReachabilityCardinality -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600
+ ulimit -s 65536
+ [[ -z '' ]]
+ export LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
+ LTSMIN_MEM_SIZE=8589934592
++ ls /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//itstools/plugins/fr.lip6.move.gal.application.pnmcc_1.0.0.202104292328.jar
++ cut -d . -f 9
+ VERSION=0
+ echo 'Running Version 0'
+ /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//itstools/its-tools -data /home/mcc/execution/workspace -pnfolder /home/mcc/execution -examination ReachabilityCardinality -spotpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//ltlfilt -z3path /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//z3/bin/z3 -yices2path /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//yices/bin/yices -its -ltsmin -greatspnpath /home/mcc/BenchKit/bin//..//greatspn/ -order META -manyOrder -smt -timeout 3600 -vmargs -Dosgi.locking=none -Declipse.stateSaveDelayInterval=-1 -Dosgi.configuration.area=/tmp/.eclipse -Xss128m -Xms40m -Xmx16000m

Sequence of Actions to be Executed by the VM

This is useful if one wants to reexecute the tool in the VM from the submitted image disk.

set -x
# this is for BenchKit: configuration of major elements for the test
export BK_INPUT="Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010"
export BK_EXAMINATION="ReachabilityCardinality"
export BK_TOOL="gold2021"
export BK_RESULT_DIR="/tmp/BK_RESULTS/OUTPUTS"
export BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT="3600"
export BK_MEMORY_CONFINEMENT="16384"
export BK_BIN_PATH="/home/mcc/BenchKit/bin/"

# this is specific to your benchmark or test

export BIN_DIR="$HOME/BenchKit/bin"

# remove the execution directoty if it exists (to avoid increse of .vmdk images)
if [ -d execution ] ; then
rm -rf execution
fi

# this is for BenchKit: explicit launching of the test
echo "====================================================================="
echo " Generated by BenchKit 2-4028"
echo " Executing tool gold2021"
echo " Input is Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010, examination is ReachabilityCardinality"
echo " Time confinement is $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT seconds"
echo " Memory confinement is 16384 MBytes"
echo " Number of cores is 4"
echo " Run identifier is r071-tall-165254780600293"
echo "====================================================================="
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "preparation of the directory to be used:"

tar xzf /home/mcc/BenchKit/INPUTS/Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010.tgz
mv Diffusion2D-PT-D30N010 execution
cd execution
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StateSpace" ]; then
rm -f GenericPropertiesVerdict.xml
fi
pwd
ls -lh

echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stdout:"
echo
echo "=== Data for post analysis generated by BenchKit (invocation template)"
echo
if [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "UpperBounds" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of positive values"
echo NUM_VECTOR
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" != "StateSpace" ] ; then
echo "The expected result is a vector of booleans"
echo BOOL_VECTOR
else
echo "no data necessary for post analysis"
fi
echo
if [ -f "ReachabilityCardinality.txt" ] ; then
echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from text file)"
for x in $(grep Property ReachabilityCardinality.txt | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ -f "ReachabilityCardinality.xml" ] ; then # for cunf (txt files deleted;-)
echo echo "here is the order used to build the result vector(from xml file)"
for x in $(grep '' ReachabilityCardinality.xml | cut -d '>' -f 2 | cut -d '<' -f 1 | sort -u) ; do
echo "FORMULA_NAME $x"
done
elif [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "ReachabilityDeadlock" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "QuasiLiveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "StableMarking" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "Liveness" ] || [ "ReachabilityCardinality" = "OneSafe" ] ; then
echo "FORMULA_NAME ReachabilityCardinality"
fi
echo
echo "=== Now, execution of the tool begins"
echo
echo -n "BK_START "
date -u +%s%3N
echo
timeout -s 9 $BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT bash -c "/home/mcc/BenchKit/BenchKit_head.sh 2> STDERR ; echo ; echo -n \"BK_STOP \" ; date -u +%s%3N"
if [ $? -eq 137 ] ; then
echo
echo "BK_TIME_CONFINEMENT_REACHED"
fi
echo
echo "--------------------"
echo "content from stderr:"
echo
cat STDERR ;